How to manage type ii diabetes
Welcome to The Community Guide! Let us know what you think of the website by completing this quick survey. Diabetes is a group of diseases marked by high levels of blood glucose resulting from problems in how insulin is produced, how insulin works, or both. People with diabetes may develop serious complications such as heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, blindness, leg amputations, and premature death.
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The Diabetes Diet
Other tests used to determine a patient's type of diabetes, stage, progression, treatment pathways or effective diabetes management are:.
This is done to check for the presence of protein, glucose or ketones in the urine. Presence of glucose in the urine is highly suggestive of diabetes. HbA1c is a measure of how much glucose is stuck to the red cells and gives an average of all your blood sugar levels over the last three months. For young people or women planning pregnancy the target HbA1c may be lower at around 6.
Following an overnight fast, your blood is tested for glucose. This is compared with periodic blood tests taken for the next two hours after drinking a special sugar drink.
Blood is tested at a random time of the day for glucose levels. For example, this may be after a meal. All types of diabetes are serious and require life long follow up and management in combination with a healthy lifestyle and often medications. Management of Type 2 Diabetes is with lifestyle changes and often medications. Along with healthy eating, weight control, increased physical activity and diabetes education, medications are needed for some people.
Medications can be taken either orally or as injections. Each of the different class of medications has different levels of efficacy, side-effects, impact on weight loss, varying costs and risks of hypoglycaemia.
In Australia most, but not all, of the medications used for treating diabetes are subsidised by the government PBS Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.
Visiting an endocrinologist can help to individualise the right management plan for you. The type of insulin you are on and the type of diabetes that you have will determine how often you will need to check your glucose level.
It may include checking your blood glucose:. You will need to check with your doctor to find out what is best for you and how often you need to check. If you are on tablets that do not cause hypoglycaemia you may not need to routinely monitor your blood sugar level.
Instead your doctor may organise routine HbA1c levels to measure your 3 monthly average glucose level. The ideal target for everyone with diabetes will vary. Talk to your doctor about what the right targets should be for you. In general targets for blood glucose levels are:. Blood glucose levels should be individualised. If you are young or planning pregnancy lower blood sugar levels may be recommended.
For some people, such as those with cancer or dementia, higher blood sugar levels may be ok. High blood sugar levels can affect your entire body. Many people with high blood glucose levels may initially feel normal and not realise that the high blood glucose level is silently doing damage.
There are three important ways to reduce your risk of developing long term, irreversible diabetes complications:. Regular screening tests can reduce your risk of long term diabetes related complications. Your diabetes care plan or annual cycle of care will include regular tests and screening:. If there is diabetic retinopathy damage to the eye from diabetes you may need to have more frequent eye checks or other treatments. If there is diabetic nephropathy kidney damage due to diabetes then you may need to be on blood pressure tablets, need changes to your diabetes treatment or see a kidney specialist.
If there is numbness or diabetic neuropathy than you will need to take special care of your feet. Inspect your feet regularly. Wash, dry and look at your feet every day, especially between your toes. Always wear well fitting shoes. See you doctor early if you develop an ulcer or signs of an infection such as redness or swelling. If you have chest pain, cardiac symptoms or unexplained shortness of breath see a doctor urgently as more tests may be required.
You may need to see a heart doctor cardiologist for other tests such as angiogram, echo or stress test. If your cholesterol is high or if you are at high risk of a heart attack or stroke you may need to be on a cholesterol medication. If your blood pressure is high you will benefit from: Blood pressure medications Reducing the amount of salt in your diet Exercise.
If left untreated, blood sugar can reach abnormally high levels leading to a condition called hyperglycaemia. Blood vessels leading to poor blood flow to the feet, which can make them susceptible to poorly healing cuts and blisters. This could lead to amputation. With the right management high blood glucose levels can be avoided and the damage from diabetes complications can be prevented.
There are different ways for your doctor to diagnose diabetes Fasting pre-meal blood glucose level more than 7. HbA1c Test: HbA1c is a measure of how much glucose is stuck to the red cells and gives an average of all your blood sugar levels over the last three months.
It measures how quickly glucose can be cleared from the blood. Fasting blood sugar test: The blood sugar level is tested after an overnight fast. Levels of 5.
Random blood sugar test: Blood is tested at a random time of the day for glucose levels. Blood glucose levels of Watch this video find out why it is important to detect diabetes early. Watch this video to find out more about managing type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle Changes Healthy eating Increased physical activity Healthy body weight Quitting smoking Medication Along with healthy eating, weight control, increased physical activity and diabetes education, medications are needed for some people.
Examples of classes of medications that may be used include: Biguanides Metformin Sulfonylurea Thiazolidinedione DPP-4 inhibitor SGLT-2 inhibitor GLP-1 agonist Insulin Each of the different class of medications has different levels of efficacy, side-effects, impact on weight loss, varying costs and risks of hypoglycaemia. How often do I need to check my blood sugar level if I am on insulin?
If you are on insulin, routine self-monitoring of your blood glucose is recommended. It may include checking your blood glucose: Before food Before going to bed Before driving Before exercise If you think you have symptoms of a low blood glucose level hypoglycaemia Or a combination of these You will need to check with your doctor to find out what is best for you and how often you need to check.
How often do I need to check my blood sugar level if I am on tablets and not on insulin? What should my target blood glucose level be?
How does diabetes affect your body? Diabetes is a chronic condition that can impact other functions of the body including the: Heart and Vascular System. Diabetes is the leading cause of end stage kidney disease. How can you reduce your risk of diabetes complications?
What screening tests do you need if you live with type 2 diabetes mellitus? Heart Routine foot checks with GP or podiatrist If you have chest pain, cardiac symptoms or unexplained shortness of breath see a doctor urgently as more tests may be required. Cholesterol check Have a routine check of your cholesterol with your doctor once a year If your cholesterol is high or if you are at high risk of a heart attack or stroke you may need to be on a cholesterol medication Blood pressure Check your blood pressure at each visit to the doctor If your blood pressure is high you will benefit from: Blood pressure medications Reducing the amount of salt in your diet Exercise.
What if diabetes is untreated? Uncontrolled diabetes can result in complications such as damage to Eyes leading to blindness Kidneys leading to renal failure Heart leading to heart disease or heart attack Brain leading to stroke Nerves leading to loss of sensitivity in various parts of the body Blood vessels leading to poor blood flow to the feet, which can make them susceptible to poorly healing cuts and blisters. This could lead to amputation With the right management high blood glucose levels can be avoided and the damage from diabetes complications can be prevented.
Eyes Retinal screening with optometrist every 12 to 24 months. Kidneys Blood test to measure kidney function Urine test to look for protein.
Heart Routine foot checks with GP or podiatrist. Cholesterol check Have a routine check of your cholesterol with your doctor once a year. Blood pressure Check your blood pressure at each visit to the doctor.
Before you go...
Other tests used to determine a patient's type of diabetes, stage, progression, treatment pathways or effective diabetes management are:. This is done to check for the presence of protein, glucose or ketones in the urine. Presence of glucose in the urine is highly suggestive of diabetes. HbA1c is a measure of how much glucose is stuck to the red cells and gives an average of all your blood sugar levels over the last three months. For young people or women planning pregnancy the target HbA1c may be lower at around 6. Following an overnight fast, your blood is tested for glucose.
Type 2 Diabetes
This summary is for you if your health care professional has said you have type 2 diabetes. This summary will tell you what researchers have found about behavioral programs to help manage type 2 diabetes. It does not cover specific treatments for diabetes. Diabetes also called "diabetes mellitus" is a condition in which your body has trouble controlling the level of sugar or glucose in your blood. Insulin is a hormone that your body needs to use the sugar for energy. If you have type 2 diabetes, your body cannot use insulin well and may not make enough insulin. Having low insulin causes sugar to build up in your blood, and your blood sugar level gets too high.
Type 2 treatment
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Type 2 diabetes: pharmacological management strategies
Type 2 diabetes is an impairment in the way the body regulates and uses sugar glucose as a fuel. This long-term chronic condition results in too much sugar circulating in the bloodstream. Eventually, high blood sugar levels can lead to disorders of the circulatory, nervous and immune systems. In type 2 diabetes, there are primarily two interrelated problems at work. Your pancreas does not produce enough insulin — a hormone that regulates the movement of sugar into your cells — and cells respond poorly to insulin and take in less sugar.
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No matter where you are with type 2 diabetes, there are some things you should know. It's the most common form of diabetes. Type 2 means that your body doesn't use insulin properly. And while some people can control their blood glucose blood sugar levels with healthy eating and exercise, others may need medication or insulin to manage it. Regardless, you have everything you need to fight it. Not sure where to start?
A diagnosis of type 2 diabetes —or even prediabetes —usually comes with the suggestion that you make some changes to your diet or the diet of someone you care for. This is a good time to become wiser about how you are eating on a regular basis. This is more about your routine daily food choices and meal planning. Eating to control and prevent diabetes is much more about making wise food adjustments than it is about denial and deprivation.
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Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. For many people but not all it can be prevented through following a healthy lifestyle. While type 2 diabetes cannot be cured, it can be managed and people with type 2 diabetes can and do live active and healthy lives. Diabetes is the result of the body not creating enough insulin to keep blood glucose sugar levels in the normal range. The end result is the same: high levels of glucose in your blood.
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